@article{El-Nahal_2018, title={Coherent 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM) Optical Communication Systems}, volume={10}, url={https://photonics.pl/PLP/index.php/letters/article/view/10-21}, DOI={10.4302/plp.v10i2.809}, abstractNote={Coherent optical fiber communications for data rates of 100Gbit/s and beyond have recently been studied extensively primarily because high sensitivity of coherent receivers could extend the transmission distance. Spectrally efficient modulation techniques such as M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) can be employed for coherent optical links. The integration of multi-level modulation formats based on coherent technologies with wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems is key to meet the aggregate bandwidth demand. 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